Fatores associados ao elevado percentual de gordura corporal em indivíduos fisicamente ativos / Factors associated with the high body fat percentage in physically active individuals

Introdução: O exercício físico é praticado com diversos objetivos, destacando-se a promoção na mudança da composição corporal, com a redução de gordura e aumento de massa magra. Assim, compreender os fatores que podem estar associados nesta modificação se torna relevante. Objetivo: Analisar os fatores demográficos, estilo de vida, bioquímico, alimentares e de treinamento associados ao percentual de gordura corporal em praticantes de exercício físico em academias. Materiais e Métodos: Estudo transversal com 143 praticantes de exercícios físicos saudáveis, de ambos os sexos. Características sociodemográficas e estilo de vida foram obtidas através da aplicação de questionário. O consumo alimentar foi obtido através de registros alimentares de 24h, considerando as médias de três dias. A composição corporal foi avaliada por meio de avaliação antropométrica e pelo teste de bioimpedância elétrica. A análise estatística contemplou o teste de Shapiro Wilk para verificação da normalidade; o qui-quadrado e exato de Fisher foram usados para avaliar a associação entre as variáveis categóricas e a variável resposta e os testes de Mann-Whitney e t de Student para as contínuas. A regressão de Poisson com variância robusta foi usada para determinar as associações entre variáveis estudadas. O software Stata versão 14.0 foi usado para análise estatística, tendo sido adotado o valor de p <0,05. Resultados: A prevalência de gordura corporal elevada foi de 49,3% nos homens e 79,2% nas mulheres. Os fatores associados foram o maior consumo de proteína e fibras nas mulheres e a concentração de monócitos nos homens. Conclusão: Apesar de se tratar de público fisicamente ativo, observou-se elevado percentual de gordura entre os participantes do estudo e os fatores associados reforçam o caráter multietiológico deste indicador. (AU)

Introduction: Physical exercise is practiced with several objectives, especially the promotion of changes in body composition, with fat reduction and increase in lean mass. Thus, understanding the factors that may be associated with this modification becomes relevant. Objective: To analyze demographic, lifestyle, biochemical, dietary, and training factors associated with the percentage of body fat in practitioners of physical exercise in gyms. Materials and Methods: Cross-sectional study with 143 healthy physical exercise practitioners, of both sexes. Sociodemographic characteristics and lifestyle were obtained through the application of a questionnaire. Food consumption was obtained through 24-hour food records, considering the averages of three days. Body composition was assessed using anthropometric assessment and the electrical bioimpedance test. The statistical analysis included the Shapiro Wilk test to verify normality, the chi-square and Fisher's exact test were used to assess the association between categorical variables and the response variable and the Mann-Whitney and Student t tests for the continuous variables. Poisson regression with robust variance was used to determine the associations between studied variables. Stata software version 14.0 was used for statistical analysis and a value of p <0.05 was adopted. Results: The prevalence of high body fat was 49.3% in men and 79.2% in women. The associated factors were the higher consumption of protein and fibers in women and the concentration of monocytes in men. Conclusion: Despite being a physically active public, a high percentage of fat was observed among the study participants and the associated factors reinforce the multi-etiological character of this indicator. (AU)

Factors associated with anabolic steroid use by exercise enthusiasts / Fatores associados ao uso de esteroides anabolizantes por praticantes de exercício físico / Factores asociados con el uso de esteroides anabólicos por practicantes de ejercicio físico

ABSTRACT Introduction Synthetic anabolic-androgenic steroids (AAS) were developed with the purpose of obtaining drugs capable of increasing protein synthesis associated with a lower degree of virilization. Its use is common among bodybuilders who aim to increase physical strength and muscle mass in the short term. However, AAS cause side effects, which restrict their therapeutic use. Objective To identify factors associated with AAS use by exercise enthusiasts at gyms in São Luís, MA. Methods A cross-sectional study was carried out at 17 gyms. The sample totaled 723 exercise enthusiasts, who answered a structured questionnaire with multiple choice questions related to their lifestyle and the consumption of nutritional supplements and AAS use. Logistic regression analysis was used to verify the association of socioeconomic, demographic and behavioral factors with AAS use. Results Of the 723 exercise enthusiasts, 10.65% reported having used AAS. Of these, 97.4% declared their awareness of some side effect caused by AAS use. Factors associated with AAS use were: being male, age between 20 and 29 years, consumption of food supplements and participation in exercise for over a year. Conclusion The prevalence of AAS use by exercise enthusiasts at gyms in São Luís is high, and the risk factors identified enable us to target specific populations with preventive actions. Level of Evidence IIC; Cross-sectional study.

RESUMO Introdução Os esteroides anabólicos androgênicos (EAA) sintéticos foram desenvolvidos com o propósito de obter fármacos capazes de produzir aumento na síntese proteica, associados a menor grau de virilização. Seu uso é comum entre praticantes de musculação que visam aumento da força física e da massa muscular a curto prazo. Contudo, eles geram efeitos adversos, o que restringe seu uso terapêutico. Objetivo Identificar os fatores associados ao uso de EAA por praticantes de exercício físico em academias de São Luís, MA. Métodos Estudo transversal, realizado em 17 academias de ginástica. A amostra totalizou 723 praticantes de exercício físico, que responderam a um questionário estruturado, com questões de múltipla escolha relacionadas com seu estilo de vida e com o consumo de suplementos nutricionais e EAA. A análise de regressão logística foi empregada para verificar a associação de fatores socioeconômicos, demográficos e comportamentais ao uso de EAA. Resultados Dos 723 praticantes de exercício físico, 10,65% informaram ter utilizado EAA. Destes, 97,4% afirmaram ter conhecimento de algum efeito adverso ocasionado pela utilização de EAA. Mostraram-se fatores associados ao uso de EAA: ser do sexo masculino, ter entre 20 a 29 anos, consumir suplementos alimentares e praticar exercício físico há mais de um ano. Conclusão O consumo de EAA por praticantes de exercício físico em academias de São Luís é alto e os fatores de risco identificados permitem direcionar ações preventivas às populações específicas. Nível de Evidência IIC; Estudo transversal.

RESUMEN Introducción Los esteroides anabólicos androgénicos (EAA) sintéticos se desarrollaron con el propósito de obtener agentes capaces de producir aumento en la síntesis de proteínas, asociados con un menor grado de virilización. Su uso es común entre los culturistas que buscan aumentar la fuerza física y la masa muscular a corto plazo. Sin embargo, tienen efectos adversos que restringen el uso terapéutico. Objetivo Identificar los factores asociados con el uso de EAA por parte de practicantes de ejercicio físico en gimnasios de São Luis, MA. Métodos Estudio transversal realizado en 17 gimnasios. La muestra totalizó 723 practicantes de ejercicio físico, quienes respondieron un cuestionario estructurado con preguntas de opción múltiple relacionadas con su estilo de vida y el consumo de suplementos nutricionales y EAA. El análisis de regresión logística se utilizó para verificar la asociación de factores socioeconómicos, demográficos y de comportamiento con el uso de los EAA. Resultados De los 723 practicantes de ejercicio físico, el 10,65% informó haber usado EAA. De estos, el 97,4% dijo que tenían conocimiento de alg ú n efecto adverso causado por el uso de EAA. Se mostraron los siguientes factores asociados con el uso de EAA: ser hombre, tener entre 20 y 29 años, consumir suplementos dietéticos y practicar ejercicio físico por más de un año.. Conclusión El consumo de EAA por los practicantes de ejercicio físico en gimnasios de São Luis es alto y los factores de riesgo identificados pueden orientar las acciones preventivas a poblaciones específicas. Nivel de Evidencia IIC; Estudio transversal.

Scored patient-generated Subjective Global Assessment: Length of hospital stay and mortality in cancer patients / Avaliação Subjetiva Global produzida pelo paciente: tempo de internação e mortalidade em pacientes com câncer

ABSTRACT Objective To determine the association of a scored patient-generated Subjective Global Assessment with mortality and length of hospital stay in cancer patients. Methods Cross-sectional study carried out between July and September 2014 using secondary data collection using data from 366 medical records of patients admitted to a hospital recognized as a cancer center of excellence. The present study included patients with hospital stay over than or equal three days and minimum age of 20 years. The patient-generated Subjective Global Assessment scores were calculated and compared with the patients' clinical and anthropometric characteristics and outcomes (death and long length of stay in hospital). Results Of the 366 patients evaluated, 36.0% were malnourished. The presence of malnutrition, according to the scored patient-generated Subjective Global Assessment, was statistically associated with the presence of metastasis (52.4%). On the other hand, malnutrition, according to the body mass index in adults (55.8%) and in older elderly patients (54.2%), was associated with death (55.0%). The adjusted logistic regression model showed that the following factors were associated with prolonged hospitalization: early nutritional screening, presence of severe malnutrition, radiotherapy and chemotherapy, and surgical procedures. As for mortality, the associated factors were: male reproductive system tumor, presence of metastasis, clinical treatment, prolonged hospitalization, and the presence of some degree of malnutrition. Conclusion The patient-generated Subjective Global Assessment score is an important risk marker of prolonged hospitalization and mortality rates. It is a useful tool capable of circumventing significant biases in the nutritional evaluation of cancer patients.

RESUMO Objetivo Associar a Avaliação Subjetiva Global produzida pelo paciente à mortalidade e ao tempo de internação em pacientes com câncer. Métodos Pesquisa transversal analítica com coleta secundária de dados, conduzida entre julho e setembro de 2014 em 366 prontuários de pacientes internados entre janeiro de 2010 a janeiro de 2014 de um hospital de referência em câncer. Participaram do estudo pacientes com tempo de internação maior ou igual a três dias e idade mínima de 20 anos. Foi coletado o escore da avaliação subjetiva global produzida pelo paciente e associado às características clínicas, antropométricas e do desfecho dos pacientes (óbito e elevado tempo de internação). Resultados Dos 366 avaliados, 36.0% eram desnutridos. A presença de desnutrição pela avaliação subjetiva global produzida pelo paciente se associou estatisticamente com a presença de metástase (52.4%), desnutrição (e morte (55.0%) pelo índice de massa corporal em adultos (55.8%) e em idosos (54.2%) e morte (55.0%). O modelo de regressão logística ajustada demonstrou que foram associadas ao tempo de internação prolongada: triagem nutricional precoce, presença de desnutrição grave e os tratamentos radio e quimioterápicos associados e o cirúrgico. Já em relação à mortalidade: a localização tumoral no sistema reprodutor masculino, a presença de metástase, o tratamento clínico, a internação prolongada e a presença de algum grau de desnutrição estiveram associadas. Conclusão O escore da avaliação subjetiva global produzida pelo paciente é um marcador de risco importante para internação prolongada e morte. Sendo um instrumento valioso, capaz de contornar vieses significativos na avaliação nutricional do paciente com câncer.

Factors associated with dietary supplement use by people who exercise at gyms.

OBJECTIVE To assess the factors associated with the use of dietary supplements by people who exercise at gyms.METHODS A cross-sectional study with a sample defined by convenience, considering the number of gyms registered in the Conselho Regional de Educação Física (Regional Council of Physical Education) of Sao Luis, MA, Northeastern Brazil, from July 2011 to July 2012. The final sample comprised 723 individuals who exercise at gyms. The dependent variable was supplement use, and the explanatory variables were length of time and motivation of the physical exercises, duration, goal and self-perception of training, weekly frequency of gym attendance, sex, age, educational attainment, self-perception of body weight, smoking and self-perception of diet. The association between variables was analysed by hierarchical Poisson regression based on a theoretical model.RESULTS Supplement use was reported by 64.7% of the participants. Most of the sample was male (52.6%). The most frequent age group was 20 to 39 years (74.4%). Most participants (46.1%) had been exercising for over a year. The following variables were associated with supplement use: self-perceiving body weight as below ideal (p < 0.001), smoking (p < 0.001), exercising for 7 to 12 months (p = 0.028) or more than one year (p < 0.001), spending more than two hours at the gym (p = 0.051), and perceiving training as moderate (p = 0.024) or intense (p = 0.001).CONCLUSIONS The use of supplements lacks proper professional guidance, being motivated by individuals unsatisfied with their low body weight and who perceive their workout as intense, which raises the need for monitoring this population.

Factors associated with dietary supplement use by people who exercise at gyms / Fatores associados ao consumo de suplementos nutricionais por frequentadores de academias

OBJECTIVE To assess the factors associated with the use of dietary supplements by people who exercise at gyms.METHODS A cross-sectional study with a sample defined by convenience, considering the number of gyms registered in the Conselho Regional de Educação Física (Regional Council of Physical Education) of Sao Luis, MA, Northeastern Brazil, from July 2011 to July 2012. The final sample comprised 723 individuals who exercise at gyms. The dependent variable was supplement use, and the explanatory variables were length of time and motivation of the physical exercises, duration, goal and self-perception of training, weekly frequency of gym attendance, sex, age, educational attainment, self-perception of body weight, smoking and self-perception of diet. The association between variables was analysed by hierarchical Poisson regression based on a theoretical model.RESULTS Supplement use was reported by 64.7% of the participants. Most of the sample was male (52.6%). The most frequent age group was 20 to 39 years (74.4%). Most participants (46.1%) had been exercising for over a year. The following variables were associated with supplement use: self-perceiving body weight as below ideal (p < 0.001), smoking (p < 0.001), exercising for 7 to 12 months (p = 0.028) or more than one year (p < 0.001), spending more than two hours at the gym (p = 0.051), and perceiving training as moderate (p = 0.024) or intense (p = 0.001).CONCLUSIONS The use of supplements lacks proper professional guidance, being motivated by individuals unsatisfied with their low body weight and who perceive their workout as intense, which raises the need for monitoring this population.

OBJETIVO Analisar os fatores associados ao consumo de suplementos nutricionais por frequentadores de academias.MÉTODOS Estudo transversal, com amostra por conveniência, considerando o número de academias cadastradas no Conselho Regional de Educação Física em São Luís, MA, no período de julho de 2011 a julho de 2012, composta por 723 praticantes de exercício físico. A variável dependente foi uso de suplementos e as variáveis explanatórias foram tempo e objetivo da prática de exercícios físicos, duração, objetivo e autopercepção do treino, frequência semanal na academia, sexo, idade, escolaridade, autopercepção do peso, fumo e autopercepção da alimentação. A associação das variáveis foram analisadas por regressão Poisson hierarquizada com base em modelo teórico.RESULTADOS Relataram utilizar algum tipo de suplemento, 64,7% praticantes. A maioria da amostra foi composta por homens (52,6%). A faixa etária de 20 a 39 anos foi mais frequente (74,4%). A maioria dos entrevistados (46,1%) praticava exercício físico há mais de um ano. As seguintes variáveis apresentaram associação com consumo de suplementos: considerar seu próprio peso abaixo do ideal (p < 0,001), ser fumante (p < 0,001), praticar o exercício físico de 7 a 12 meses (p = 0,028) ou por mais de um ano (p = 0,001), permanência na academia por mais de duas horas (p = 0,051) e considerar o seu próprio treino moderado (p = 0,024) ou intenso (p = 0,001).CONCLUSÕES O uso de suplementos não tem a devida orientação profissional, sendo motivada pelo individuo insatisfeito com o baixo peso corporal e que acredita ter um treino intenso, levantando à necessidade de acompanhamento desse público.

Low birth weight in São Luís, northeastern Brazil: trends and associated factors.

BACKGROUND: To analyze trends in LBW (low birth weight) rate using birth registry data and identify factors associated with LBW in São Luís comparing two birth cohorts separated by a 12-year interval. METHODS: 2,426 births were included in 1997/98 and 5,040 in 2010. The dependent variable was LBW (<2,500 g). Multiple logistic regression was performed to determine the association of independent variables with LBW. Data were also obtained from SINASC (Brazilian National Birth Registry) to analyze stillbirth and LBW rates trends from 1996 to 2010, using 3-year moving averages. RESULTS: LBW, intrauterine growth restriction (IUGR) and preterm birth rates did not differ between the two cohorts. Despite this, birth registry data showed increasing LBW rate up to 2001, coinciding with decreasing stillbirth rate. Both stillbirth and LBW rates decreased thereafter. A significant reduction was observed in the percentage of teenage mothers, mothers with up to 4 years of education, family income up to one minimum wage and mothers who did not attend prenatal care. There was an increase in maternal age ≥35 years and schooling ≥12 years. The variables associated with LBW in 1997/98 were young maternal age (<18 years), maternal smoking during pregnancy and primiparity. Variables that remained in the adjusted model in 2010 were female gender, income <3 minimum wages, lack of prenatal care, maternal smoking during pregnancy and primiparity. CONCLUSIONS: Although LBW rate did not differ between the two cohorts, this apparent stability masked an increase up to 2001 and a decrease thereafter. The rise in LBW rate paralleled reduction in the stillbirth rate, suggesting improvement in obstetrical and newborn care. Maternal, socioeconomic and demographic factors associated with LBW differed between the two cohorts, except for smoking during pregnancy and parity that were significantly associated with LBW in both cohorts.

Secular trends in the rate of low birth weight in Brazilian State Capitals in the period 1996 to 2010.

Secular trends in rates of low birth weight in Brazilian state capital cities were evaluated for the period 1996 to 2010 using joinpoint regression models. The rates were calculated using data from the Live Births Information System. Newborns weighing less than 500 g were excluded. Only data for capital cities was included since under-registration of births in these cities is lower and new trends can be detected earlier. There was a significant increase in the rate of low birth weight in the Brazilian capitals of the North Region, Northeast Region, South Region and Southeast Region up to 2003/2004, stabilizing thereafter. In the capitals of the Center-west Region the rate increased throughout the whole study period. The rate of low birth weight was higher in the capitals of the more developed regions. The rate of multiple births increased significantly in all Brazilian capitals, while the stillbirth rate decreased and showed a negative correlation with the rate of low birth weight. The increase in the rate of low birth weight may be partially explained by the increase in multiple births, an increase in the birth of infants weighing 500 to 999 g and by the reduction in the stillbirth rate.

Secular trends in the rate of low birth weight in Brazilian State Capitals in the period 1996 to 2010 / Tendência secular da taxa de baixo peso ao nascer nas capitais brasileiras de 1996 a 2010 / Tendencia secular de la tasa de bajo peso al nacer en las capitales brasileñas de 1996 a 2010

Secular trends in rates of low birth weight in Brazilian state capital cities were evaluated for the period 1996 to 2010 using joinpoint regression models. The rates were calculated using data from the Live Births Information System. Newborns weighing less than 500g were excluded. Only data for capital cities was included since under-registration of births in these cities is lower and new trends can be detected earlier. There was a significant increase in the rate of low birth weight in the Brazilian capitals of the North Region, Northeast Region, South Region and Southeast Region up to 2003/2004, stabilizing thereafter. In the capitals of the Center-west Region the rate increased throughout the whole study period. The rate of low birth weight was higher in the capitals of the more developed regions. The rate of multiple births increased significantly in all Brazilian capitals, while the stillbirth rate decreased and showed a negative correlation with the rate of low birth weight. The increase in the rate of low birth weight may be partially explained by the increase in multiple births, an increase in the birth of infants weighing 500 to 999g and by the reduction in the stillbirth rate.

A tendência secular da taxa de baixo peso ao nascer de 1996 a 2010 nas capitais brasileiras foi avaliada utilizando-se modelos de regressão joinpoint. As taxas foram calculadas a partir do Sistema de Informações sobre Nascidos Vivos, excluindo-se recém-nascido com peso < 500g. Foram incluídos apenas dados das capitais, onde o sub-registro é menor e novas tendências podem ser detectadas mais precocemente. A taxa de baixo peso ao nascer aumentou significantemente nas capitais brasileiras das regiões Norte, Nordeste, Sul e Sudeste até 2003/2004, tendo se estabilizado a partir de então. Nas capitais da Região Centro-oeste a taxa aumentou ao longo de todo o período. A taxa de baixo peso ao nascer foi maior nas capitais das regiões mais desenvolvidas. A taxa de partos múltiplos aumentou significantemente nas capitais brasileiras. A taxa de natimortalidade diminuiu e apresentou correlação negativa com a taxa de baixo peso ao nascer. Parte do aumento na taxa de baixo peso ao nascer pode ser explicado pelo aumento na taxa de nascimentos múltiplos e pelo nascimento de recém-nascido pesando de 500g a 999g e pela redução da taxa de natimortalidade.

La tendencia secular de la tasa de bajo peso al nacer de 1996 a 2010 en las capitales brasileñas se evaluó utilizando modelos de regresión joinpoint. Las tasas se calcularon a partir del Sistema de Información sobre Nacidos Vivos, excluyéndose recién nacidos con un peso < 500g. Fueron incluidos solamente datos de las capitales, donde el sub-registro es menor y las nuevas tendencias pueden ser detectadas más precozmente. La tasa de bajo peso al nacer aumentó significantemente en las capitales brasileñas de las regiones Norte, Nordeste, Sur y Sudeste hasta 2003/2004, habiéndose estabilizado a partir de entonces. En las capitales de la Región Centro-oeste la tasa aumentó a lo largo de todo el período. La tasa de bajo peso al nacer fue mayor en las capitales de las regiones más desarrolladas. La tasa de partos múltiples aumentó significantemente en las capitales brasileñas. La tasa de natimortalidad disminuyó y presentó una correlación negativa con la tasa de bajo peso al nacer. Una parte del crecimiento en la tasa de bajo peso al nacer puede ser explicada por el aumento en la tasa de nacimientos múltiple, por el nacimiento de recién nacidos pesando de 500g a 999g y por la reducción de la tasa de natimortalidad.

Perinatal and early adulthood factors associated with adiposity / Fatores perinatais e da vida adulta jovem associados à adiposidade

We used body mass index (BMI) and waist circumference (WC) as fat indicators to assess whether perinatal and early adulthood factors are associated with adiposity in early adulthood. We hypothesized that risk factors differ between men and women and are also different when WC is used for measuring adiposity as opposed to BMI. We conducted a longitudinal study based on a sample of 2,063 adults from the 1978/1979 Ribeirão Preto birth cohort. Adjustment was performed using four sequential multiple linear regression models stratified by sex. Both perinatal and early adulthood variables influenced adulthood BMI and WC. The associations differed between men and women and depending on the measure of abdominal adiposity (BMI or WC). Living with a partner, for both men and women, and high fat and alcohol intake in men were factors that were consistently associated with higher adulthood BMI and WC levels. The differences observed between sexes may point to different lifestyles of men and women, suggesting that prevention policies should consider gender specific strategies.

Utilizou-se o índice de massa corporal (IMC) e a circunferência de cintura (CC) para avaliar se alguns fatores perinatais e da vida adulta se associam com adiposidade na vida adulta jovem. Trabalhou-se com a hipótese de que os fatores de risco diferem entre homens e mulheres e também são diferentes quando a CC é utilizada como medida de adiposidade em vez do IMC. Realizou-se estudo longitudinal baseado em 2.063 pessoas da coorte de nascimentos de 1978/1979 de Ribeirão Preto, São Paulo, Brasil. Foi feito ajuste sequencial em quatro modelos de regressão linear múltipla, estratificados por sexo. Tanto variáveis do início da vida como atuais interferiram no IMC e na CC. As associações foram diferentes para homens e mulheres, e também quando se considerou o IMC ou a CC. Homens e mulheres que vivem com companheira(o) e homens que têm consumo elevado de gordura e álcool apresentam maiores valores de IMC e de CC. As diferenças encontradas podem apontar para estilos de vida diferentes de homens e mulheres, sugerindo que as políticas de prevenção também precisam traçar estratégias diferenciadas segundo gênero.

Perinatal and early adulthood factors associated with adiposity.

We used body mass index (BMI) and waist circumference (WC) as fat indicators to assess whether perinatal and early adulthood factors are associated with adiposity in early adulthood. We hypothesized that risk factors differ between men and women and are also different when WC is used for measuring adiposity as opposed to BMI. We conducted a longitudinal study based on a sample of 2,063 adults from the 1978/1979 Ribeirão Preto birth cohort. Adjustment was performed using four sequential multiple linear regression models stratified by sex. Both perinatal and early adulthood variables influenced adulthood BMI and WC. The associations differed between men and women and depending on the measure of abdominal adiposity (BMI or WC). Living with a partner, for both men and women, and high fat and alcohol intake in men were factors that were consistently associated with higher adulthood BMI and WC levels. The differences observed between sexes may point to different lifestyles of men and women, suggesting that prevention policies should consider gender specific strategies.

[Prevalence and factors associated with abdominal obesity and excess weight among adults from Maranhão, Brazil]. / Prevalência e fatores associados à obesidade abdominal e ao excesso de peso em adultos maranhenses.

OBJECTIVE: To determine the prevalence of excess body weight and abdominal obesity and assess the association with socioeconomic, demographic and behavioral factors among adults of Maranhão, Brazil. METHODS: Multistage cluster sample investigated through a household survey on 1,005 adults aged 20 to 59 years (393 men and 612 women). Anthropometric measures: weight, height and waist circumference (WC) were assessed. Abdominal obesity was defined as WC > 80 for women and WC > 94 for men. Body mass index (BMI), weight in kilograms divided by the square of height in meters, > 25 kg/m² was considered excess body weight. The dependent variable was divided into four categories: normal BMI and WC, excess body weight only (EBW), abdominal obesity only (AO) and abdominal obesity with excess body weight (AOEBW). Multinomial logistic regression was used for statistical analysis and estimates took the complex sampling design into account. RESULTS: Among men the prevalence of AO was 1.3%, EBW 20.3% and AOEBW 27.5%. Among women 15.5% presented AO, 1.3% EBW and 42.0% AOEBW. There was a significant statistical difference among sexes (p value < 0.001). In the multivariable analysis, among men, schooling > 9 years and living with a partner were factors associated with higher prevalence of EBW. Age > 35 years, family income > two minimum wages and living with a partner were associated with higher prevalence of AOEBW. Among women, age > 35 and living with a partner were factors associated with AO. Age > 35 years, living with a partner and schooling < 9 years were associated with a higher prevalence of AOEBW. CONCLUSION: the prevalence of EBW was higher among men whereas AO prevailed among women. Factors associated with excess body weight, abdominal obesity and both excess body weight and abdominal obesity varied.

Prevalência e fatores associados à obesidade abdominal e ao excesso de peso em adultos maranhenses / Prevalence and factors associated with abdominal obesity and excess weight among adults from Maranhão, Brazil

OBJETIVOS: Determinar a prevalência de excesso de peso e obesidade abdominal e analisar associações com fatores socioeconômicos, demográficos e comportamentais em adultos maranhenses. MÉTODOS: Amostra probabilística por conglomerados em múltiplos estágios, investigada por meio de inquérito domiciliar com 1.005 adultos de 20 a 59 anos (393 homens e 612 mulheres). Foram aferidos peso, estatura e circunferência da cintura (CC). A obesidade abdominal foi considerada quando CC > 80 para mulheres e > 94 para homens. Índice de massa corporal (IMC), peso em quilogramas dividido pelo quadrado da altura em metros, >25 kg/m² foi considerado excesso de peso. A variável dependente foi dividida em quatro categorias: IMC e CC normais, excesso de peso sem obesidade abdominal (EP), obesidade abdominal sem excesso de peso (OA) e obesidade abdominal com excesso de peso (OAEP). Foi utilizada a análise de regressão logística multinomial e as estimativas levaram em consideração o delineamento complexo de amostragem. RESULTADOS: Nos homens, a prevalência de OA isolada foi 1,3 por cento, EP 20,3 por cento e OAEP 27,5 por cento. Nas mulheres, 15,5 por cento tinham OA, 1,3 por cento EP e 42,0 por cento apresentavam OAEP (p-valor < 0,001). Na análise multivariável, no modelo para homens, escolaridade > 9 anos e estar unido foram fatores associados à maior prevalência de EP. Idade > 35 anos, renda familiar > 2 salários mínimos e viver com companheira se associaram à maior prevalência de OAEP. Nas mulheres, idade > 35 anos e viver com companheiro se associaram à maior prevalência de OA. Idade > 35 anos, viver com companheiro e escolaridade < 9 anos foram fatores associados à maior prevalência de OAEP. CONCLUSÃO: A prevalência de EP foi maior nos homens, enquanto OA predominou nas mulheres. Houve diferença nos fatores associados ao excesso de peso, obesidade abdominal e excesso de peso com obesidade abdominal.

Objective: To determine the prevalence of excess body weight and abdominal obesity and assess the association with socioeconomic, demographic and behavioral factors among adults of Maranhão, Brazil. METHODS: Multistage cluster sample investigated through a household survey on 1,005 adults aged 20 to 59 years (393 men and 612 women). Anthropometric measures: weight, height and waist circumference (WC) were assessed. Abdominal obesity was defined as WC > 80 for women and WC > 94 for men. Body mass index (BMI), weight in kilograms divided by the square of height in meters, > 25 kg/m² was considered excess body weight. The dependent variable was divided into four categories: normal BMI and WC, excess body weight only (EBW), abdominal obesity only (AO) and abdominal obesity with excess body weight (AOEBW). Multinomial logistic regression was used for statistical analysis and estimates took the complex sampling design into account. RESULTS: Among men the prevalence of AO was 1.3 percent, EBW 20.3 percent and AOEBW 27.5 percent. Among women 15.5 percent presented AO, 1.3 percent EBW and 42.0 percent AOEBW. There was a significant statistical difference among sexes (p value < 0.001). In the multivariable analysis, among men, schooling > 9 years and living with a partner were factors associated with higher prevalence of EBW. Age > 35 years, family income > two minimum wages and living with a partner were associated with higher prevalence of AOEBW. Among women, age > 35 and living with a partner were factors associated with AO. Age > 35 years, living with a partner and schooling < 9 years were associated with a higher prevalence of AOEBW. CONCLUSION: the prevalence of EBW was higher among men whereas AO prevailed among women. Factors associated with excess body weight, abdominal obesity and both excess body weight and abdominal obesity varied.